Degrees of Freedom for Independence in Two-Way Table

Degrees of Freedom for Independence in Two-Way Table The quantity of degrees of opportunity for freedom of two straight out factors is given by a basic formula:â (r - 1)(c - 1).â Here r is the quantity of lines and c is the quantity of sections in the two manner table of the estimations of the downright variable.â Read on to get familiar with this point and to comprehend why this recipe gives the right number. Foundation One stage during the time spent numerous theory tests is the assurance of the number degrees of freedom.â This number is significant in light of the fact that for likelihood conveyances that include a group of dispersions, for example, the chi-square dissemination, the quantity of degrees of opportunity pinpoints the specific circulation from the family that we ought to use in our speculation test. Degrees of opportunity speak to the quantity of free decisions that we can make in a given circumstance. One of the speculation tests that expects us to decide the degrees of opportunity is the chi-square test for autonomy for two absolute factors. Tests for Independence and Two-Way Tables The chi-square test for freedom calls for us to develop a two-way table, otherwise called a possibility table. This kind of table has r lines and c segments, speaking to the r levels of one straight out factor and the c levels of the other all out factor. In this manner, on the off chance that we don't include the line and segment where we record aggregates, there are a sum of rc cells in the two-way table. The chi-square test for freedom permits us to test the theory that the straight out factors are autonomous of each other. As we referenced over, the r lines and c sections in the table give us (r - 1)(c - 1) degrees of opportunity. Be that as it may, it may not be promptly clear why this is the right number of degrees of opportunity. The Number of Degrees of Freedom To perceive any reason why (r - 1)(c - 1) is the right number, we will look at this circumstance in more detail. Assume that we know the minimal aggregates for every one of the degrees of our absolute factors. At the end of the day, we know the aggregate for each line and the aggregate for every segment. For the primary line, there are c sections in our table, so there are c cells. When we know the estimations of everything except one of these cells, at that point since we know the aggregate of the entirety of the cells it is a straightforward variable based math issue to decide the estimation of the rest of the cell. On the off chance that we were filling in these cells of our table, we could enter c - 1 of them openly, however then the rest of the cell is controlled by the aggregate of the line. In this way there are c - 1 degrees of opportunity for the primary line. We proceed as such for the following line, and there are again c - 1 degrees of opportunity. This procedure proceeds until we get to the penultimate column. Every one of the columns aside from the last one contributes c - 1 degrees of opportunity to the aggregate. When that we have everything except the last line, at that point since we realize the section whole we can decide the entirety of the passages of the last column. This gives us r - 1 columns with c - 1 degrees of opportunity in each of these, for a sum of (r - 1)(c - 1) degrees of opportunity. Model We see this with the accompanying example.â Suppose that we have a two path table with two straight out variables.â One variable has three levels and different has two.â Furthermore, assume that we know the line and segment sums for this table: Level A Level B All out Level 1 100 Level 2 200 Level 3 300 All out 200 400 600 The equation predicts that there are (3-1)(2-1) 2 degrees of freedom.â We consider this to be follows.â Suppose that we fill in the upper left cell with the number 80.â This will naturally decide the whole first line of passages: Level A Level B All out Level 1 80 20 100 Level 2 200 Level 3 300 All out 200 400 600 Presently on the off chance that we realize that the primary passage in the subsequent line is 50, at that point the remainder of the table is filled in, on the grounds that we know the aggregate of each line and section: Level A Level B Complete Level 1 80 20 100 Level 2 50 150 200 Level 3 70 230 300 Complete 200 400 600 The table is altogether filled in, however we just had two free choices.â Once these qualities were known, the remainder of the table was totally decided. Despite the fact that we don't ordinarily need to know why there are this numerous degrees of opportunity, it is acceptable to realize that we are extremely simply applying the idea of degrees of opportunity to another circumstance.

A case study of clothes R Us Essay

Presentation Garments R Us opened its entryways and started activities over 10 years ago.â When the organization originally opened, the originators and CEOs were on the floor attempting to offer to clients their different garments and plans. The dresses accompanied conserved costs, spared clients time that would have been spent searching for the correct clothing and in this manner make the customer’s lives less confounded. The store has become such a great amount in the previous decade, to turn into a significant provider chain that isn't just broadly perceived yet in addition universally famous. The extraordinary development accompanies much higher development as far as yearly deals and pay. The organization has shockingly keeps on keeping up a type of free human asset methodology. Administrators have given little consideration towards rebuilding the human asset and checking of execution particularly with regards to fixed workers. Absence of a brought together framework to control and deal with the departments’ implies that there are no particular subtleties on the exhibition of employees.â Clothes R us has worked with a decentralized, freewheeling society in which each senior supervisor has treated their own representatives as an individual realm where the chief has the privilege to control their enlistment and execution as they see fit. Lion's share of the full time salesmen have higher educations notwithstanding huge involvement with their territory of specialization. Be that as it may, there is proceeded with discontent with the dependence on easygoing employees.â The starting point of the issue originated from the good 'ol days when the organization required modest work. Shockingly, the proceeded with dependence on easygoing representatives has caused debilitation among the perpetual workers. An organization that was seeing a lot of development in the past isn't confronting an emergency in human asset. Characterizing the issue Indeed, even with different methodologies coming to play to guarantee that the organization doesn't come up short on required labor, these might be compelling if the changeless representatives are spurred to perform at an a lot higher level.â Clothes R US is just beginning to understand the significance of a persuaded work power. The test comes in guaranteeing and keep up the inspiration of workers.  Continued dependence on easygoing representatives has controlled the adaptability of the lasting workers. Representatives come up short on the chance to be free. Easygoing representatives take up jobs that would require innovative administration and abilities; as such the organization is presently experiencing the presence of a dull work power. Supervisors have been delayed in seeing, how adaptability persuades the employees.â Flexibility isn't simply in things of obligations yet in addition as far as the work hours and even the work place. A typical statement is that change is comparable to a rest. Proficient human asset advisors frequently guidance organizations to guarantee that representatives have an assortment of gifts, moves and even work areas. The change regularly serves to cause the activity to appear to be new and subsequently rouse the employee.â Poor inspiration additionally implies high turnov er of the representatives. Low confidence:â certainty is a character that sets out the establishment of representative inspiration. It is significant for representatives to feel they have the right stuff as well as the skill to manage different difficulties at the work place. Since, Clothes R US concentrates more on utilizing incidentally representatives to oversee straightforward errands; workers are quick losing trust in their capacity to perform. With the arranged development, the organization is currently confronting an emergency. Representatives are reluctant to leave their customary ranges of familiarity, reluctant to chip in for the new venture and in any event, choosing expanded turn over.â Because greater part of the workers in the organization display low confidence, they can't utilize their aptitudes and abilities. Further, they are totally incapable to frame positive work connections. This implies they are not exactly faithful to the organization and along these lines bound to look for other business in any event, when they are winning less. It isn't amazing in this way to find that workers of materials R US are continually discovering pardons with respect to why they are not performing, why the organization isn't developing as opposed to upgrading their own aptitudes to guarantee better execution.  The organization is at present having a lasting work power experiencing low confidence. Brought down desires: one of the principle downsides of depending on present and unforeseen workers is that the presentation levels and desires for progress have been brought down in the organization. It is along these lines to be expected to find that the changeless representatives just do as much as is relied upon of them to meet their own obligations. The lasting workers don't propel themselves or even put forth a concentrated effort wholeheartedly and steadily to their occupations. The organization low desires have served to murder worker spirit to improve and better at each errand. Rather, representatives report to work, do the base and leave the rest to the easygoing representatives. Possibility disorder: possibility laborers frequently give a preferred position to bosses. Garments R US started exploiting this gathering of specialist during the early long stretches of extension. Possibility laborers don't anticipate benefits and are frequently paid substantially less than changeless specialists. They are given testing assignments which would some way or another cost the organization as far as preparing perpetual representatives to guarantee they have the right stuff to finish the job.â Unfortunately, the expansion of possibility laborers in the organization has had a negative effect. Possibility laborers will in general acquire anxiety perpetual representatives who are persuaded that life could show signs of improvement and all the more intriguing outside the organization. Further, possibility laborers don't gangs the security and dependability of perpetual representatives; they in this manner need duty to the activity which will in general come off on changeless workers. They incline toward the opportunity of their transitory status and frequently appear to be profoundly made up for straightforward undertakings. This circumstance is probably going to de-rouse the perpetual workers notwithstanding causing struggle and strain with different representatives. With time, the lasting workers start to lose enthusiasm for specific errands adversary which they believe they ought to likewise be redressed and compensated. Legitimate ramifications Change in association structure: a move or development of Clothes R US influences the area of the business as well as the association and business structure. Directors should plunk down and re-characterize employments and duties to oblige the new store. This likewise implies deciding the techniques through which the stores will get their stock and disseminate the equivalent. As an enrolled business, the organization should report the adjustment in structure. Gopal (2008) shows this is a stage that is frequently over-looked during extension and which could demonstrate somewhat more than exorbitant to the new pursuit. Enlisted organizations need to record such changes and report them to the recorder of organizations for their own insurance. Should a contest emerge, the organization will go to the progressions recorded with the enlistment center and this is the thing that will be utilized to decide the course of the case. Permits to operate: despite the fact that the new store will be working as an establishment of the primary store, note that licenses will be required for this specific business. This remembers licenses to work for Sheffield, and furthermore circulate things in Sheffield. Absence of a permit is viewed as extortion and could land ranking directors and the business itself in a great deal of legitimate issues. What's more, the business will require an assessment enlistment. Numerous entrepreneurs expect that the new pursuit will work with a similar duty enlistment. Be that as it may, as indicated by the law, the two organizations are discrete endeavors and require singular expense enrollment licenses. Zoning necessities: in spite of the fact that there are a few apparel and design organizations working in Sheffield, before opening the store it is imperative to research and discover a portion of the zoning prerequisites. To maintain a strategic distance from blockage zoning laws are changed as often as possible. Should such law produce results before the opening of the business, all things considered, a similar business could be cut off before taking. Non-revelation: being in an unpredictable industry, for example, design and garments; the organization has extended quick. With a high turnover of workers, it isn't astonishing that numerous different organizations with practically comparative structure including showcasing and client relationship are being set up.â This presentation is an aftereffect of disregarding the significance of a non-revelation concurrence with all representatives. Classified data is released, previous representatives set up contending shops all on the grounds that the non-exposure is disregarded, (Dessler 2000). From here on hereafter all representatives perpetual and unexpected should consent to non-revelation arrangements arranged by the legitimate divisions and painstakingly organized for the organization needs. Non-revelation understandings are for the workers as well as different partners who come into contact with the organization. This incorporates providers who might be enticed to contact contenders with touchy data that could win them a decent and better benefit. This implies all agreements must incorporate a tight and restricting non-divulgence understanding. This diminishes the introduction of the organization and allows to legitimately battle any presentation by partners, providers and representatives (previous and present) effectively. Keeping up solid connections During a move, for example, is arranged by Clothes R US, the organization regularly disregards the requirements of the human asset or doesn't satisfactorily address such needs. A move and development, for example, this one is probably going to bring sentiments of nervousness or misgiving. In the event that such emotions are not appropriately tended to, the workers will turn out to be not exactly roused and strife levels may emerge. Coming up next are a portion of the procedures which could be utilized to guarantee a sound relationship during the move: Correspondence: the comm

Stretching and Activity

* Copy and answer the accompanying inquiries in a word handling record. * Be certain to spare the task report to your Personal Fitness envelope. * Be certain to spare your work as 2_04. rtf. Task Questions Part I: Beginning the Activity 1. Pick a movement, for example, strolling, running, high impact exercise, soccer, ball, or rollerblading. What practice action will you partake in? Running 2. For what reason is the warm-up period of your preparation program significant? It will extend each significant muscle bunch which will be worked during the action you are planning for. 3.Why is the chill off period of your preparation program significant? Stretch every significant muscle; center around those that will have a huge interest put on them. 4. Recognize zones of your body in which you have encountered muscle irritation because of fiery movement. Legs and arms. Part II: Design a Warm-up for Your Personal Needs For every one of the accompanying, portray what you will do to set up your body for the action that you chose in Part 1, #1. Vigorous exercise: Light run, slow cycling, simple hop roping, side mixes (running sideways without intersection your feet), skipping, and running backwards.Stretching (stretch all the significant muscle bunches utilized): ? Will include static (despite everything) extends or potentially powerful (moving) extends. * Static stretches include extending a muscle bunch as far as possible, without causing torment. Static stretches ought to be held thirty seconds for most extreme viability. * Dynamic stretches, another sheltered type of extending, includes sluggish developments which stretch the muscle gatherings. Game explicit exercise: Activities should mirror the developments you will do in the fiery action you are planning for however are done at a lower level of force. Part III:Design a Cool-down for Your Personal Needs For every one of the accompanying, portray what you will accomplish for your chill off for the movement that you hav e chosen. Oxygen consuming action: A moderate run around a field or court is perhaps the most ideal approaches to chill off. Extending: Static stretch for 10 minutes after the light running, cycling, or walk. Recuperation: Use the R. I. C. E. D. methodology to treat any injuries, wounds, or strains. Part IV: Practice What You Designed 1. Practice the warm-up you have planned. 2. Consider how the warm-up/chill off caused you to feel. Did it help set you up for the workout?What changes would you think about creation for the following exercise? Be set up to talk about this data with your educator in your Discussion-Based Assessment. It helped me get ready. I would change nothing. What I as of now I changed was extraordinary enough due to how well it caused me to feel. Part V: Skills and Performance 1. Consider an action you take an interest in and clarify how every one of the ability related parts of parity, response time, readiness, coordination, force, and speed can improve your exhi bition levels in that action. On the off chance that all the parts are joined, at that point you will get more grounded, quicker, and more advantageous.

How to Make Sense of Tricky Variables on the ACT Math Test

A â€Å"variable† in math is a placeholder for an unknown. In ACT Science, this takes on a slightly different meaning and is used to describe the factors in an experiment.   Independent variables are factors that are controlled by the scientists. Did the scientists increase the heat in the experiment? Did they add or remove pressure? If the scientists have control over the variable, it is independent. Dependent variables are factors that the scientists observe changing. This is what the look for and how they record data but they dont control it. You will also need to know direct variation and indirect variation. Direct variation occurs when two variables change in the same way over time. If Column A increases and Column B increases at the same time, we can say that the two columns vary directly.   If when Column A increases, Column B decreases, there is an indirect variation between the two elements. In the real world, think of a pizza and the number of slices eaten. The weight of the pizza is inversely proportional to the number of slices eaten. That means that as more and more slices are eaten, the pizza weights less and less. In ACT Math, you may see direct and indirect variation in expression such as â€Å"y varies directly as x† or â€Å"y is directly proportional to x.† That means you can use the equation y = kx, where k is the constant of variation. To understand the variables, look at the presented figures. Ask yourself: what does the figure tell me? What are the units of measurement? What changes, and when? Try a practice question! Which of the following graphs best illustrates the relationship between the volume of 30% acrylamide and the volume of water in the recipes listed in the table? (A)   (B)   (C)   (D) (E)   The correct answer is (C). Table 2 shows that as the volume of 30% acrylamide increases (from 11.6 ml to 66.6 ml), the volume of water always decreases (from 76.3 to 21.3 ml). Remember, in order to answer ACT Science questions correctly, you will need to pinpoint the relationships between the variables. Don’t try to memorize. Always go back to the data to find the correct answer. All of the information you need to get the questions correct are found the in passages, we just have to know where to look!

The Key Objective Of A Great Facilitator - 860 Words

The main objective of a great facilitator is to development a team that is cohesive and cooperative, producing results that make the group the most effective and efficient unit possible. However, this is not always the case. Building a team that flourishes in any situation can be a daunting endeavor. Many individuals unknowingly lack the skills necessary to be a great facilitator. Roger Schwarz (2002), has created nine ground rules for honing a more effective group. When these nine ground rules are applied and executed by a team, any facilitator will be able to produce a more effective and efficient group. Furthermore, â€Å"by becoming familiar with the ground rules, you can watch a group and identify specifically what is happening that is enhancing or hindering the group’s process† (Schwarz, 2002 p. 96). Schwarz’s (2002), nine ground rules are as followed respectively, â€Å"test assumptions and inferences, share all relevant information, use specific example s and agree on what important words mean, explain your reasoning and intent, focus on interests, not positions, combine advocacy and inquiry, jointly design next steps and ways to test disagreements, discuss undiscussable issues, and us a decision-making rule that generates the level of commitment needed† (p. 97). Purpose and Nature of Group â€Å"For a group to optimize its effectiveness, the formal leader cannot perform all of the leadership functions in all circumstances at all times, and all group members must assist eachShow MoreRelated Goup Decision Making Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagessensitivity to others and assertiveness What are the key steps in making a decision? 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Chapter 5 Classwork Solutions free essay sample

Otto and Fiona are negotiating the terms of their divorce. Otto has agreed to transfer property to Fiona over the next two years, but he has reserved the right to make cash payments in lieu of property transfers. Will tax considerations play a role in Ottos decision to transfer property or pay cash? How will Ottos choice affect the combined gross income and income taxes paid by Otto and Fiona? Explain. Under the proper conditions (under a written separation agreement or divorce decree that does not designate payments as something other than alimony, the pouses do not live together when the payments are made, and the payments that cease on the recipients death), cash payments are deductible alimony whereas property settlements have no immediate tax implications. Because alimony is included in the gross income of the recipient and is deductible by the person making the payment, the choice to make cash payments will not affect their combined gross income. However, the choice will affect combined taxes paid if Otto and Fiona do not have the same marginal tax rates on the payments. The combined taxes payable will e lower if Otto has a higher rate than Fiona (the alimony deduction reduces taxes at a high rate and the alimony income is taxed at a lower rate) than if Fiona has a higher marginal tax rate than Otto. 30. Rolando purchases a golf cart from his employer, E- Z-Go Golf Carts, for a sizable discount. Explain the rules for determining if Rolandos purchase results in taxable income for him. Although the general rule is that bargain purchases by an employee from an employer creates taxable compensation income to the employee, the tax law does provide a limited exclusion for employee bargain urchases. Specifically, employees may exclude a) a discount on employer-provided goods as long as the discount does not exceed the employers gross profit percentage on all property offered to sale to non-employee customers and (b) up to 20 percent employer-provided discount on services. Discounts in excess of these amounts are taxable as compensation. Thus, if Rolando purchases the golf cart for a price that equals or exceeds his employers cost, the purchase will not result in any taxable income for him. 34. Cassie works in an office and has access to several professional color printers. Her employer allows Cassie and her fellow employees to use the printers to print color postcards for the holidays. This year Cassie printed out two dozen postcards worth almost $76. Must Cassie include this amount in her gross income this year? Explain your answer. No the benefit is considered a nontaxable de minimis fringe benefit because it is small in amount and infrequent. 4. For the following independent cases, determine whether economic income is present and, if so, whether it must be included in gross income (that is, is it realized and recognized for tax purposes? ). a. Asia owns stock that is listed on the New York Exchange, and this year the stock increased in value by $20,000. b. Ben sold stock for $10,000 and paid sales commission of $250. Ben purchased the stock several years ago for $4,000. c. Bessie is a partner in SULU Enterprises LLC. This year U repo e rt d that Bessies snare ot rental income was S 00 and ner snare ot municipal interest was $750. . Economic income of $20,000 is present, but there is no realization for tax purposes. Without realization, there can be no recognition. Hence this will not be included in the gross income. b. Economic income is present and has been realized through the sale. Return of capital limits the addition to gross income to the net gain on the sale, $5,750. The presumption in the law is that realized income is included in gross income. Thus, absent some additional facts which allow the deferral or exclusion of the income, recognition would follow realization, and the income would be taxed. . Bessies share of rental income is included in gross income, and her share of municipal interest is excluded from her gross income. 47. For the following independent cases, determine whether economic income is present and, if so, whether it must be included in gross income. Identify a tax utho rity that supports your analysis. a. Hermione discovered a gold nugget (valued at $10,000) on her land. b. Jay embezzled $20,000 from his employer and has not yet been apprehended. c. Keisha found $1,000 inside an old dresser. She purchased the dresser at a discount furniture store at the end of last year and found the money after the beginning of the new year. No one has claimed the money. a. Hermione must include the value of the nugget in her gross income. The value of the nugget is realized income because gold is marketable in a nugget form and easily valued. The authorities (Reg S 1 . 61-14(a). ; Rev. Rul. 1, 1953-1 C. B. 17) refer to the finder ofa treasure trove and hold that there is gross income (to the extent of the ascertainable value in U. S. currency) in the tax year in which the property is reduced to the taxpayers undisputed possession. . Jay might argue that no economic income is present because there is a liability to return the embezzled funds. The IRS argues that Jay does not intend to return the funds, so no liability exists at the time of the embezzlement, and therefore, income is present in that period. The Supreme Court has held that embezzled money is included in the embezzlers gros s income if he funds are received without restriction on the use of the funds and without a consensual recognition, express or implied, of an obligation to repay the funds (see Eugene James v. U. S. , (1961, S. Ct. ) 366 US 213). So, Jay is unlikely to win this argument. c. The answer to this question depends on state law. If she is not required under state law to search for the owner of money or give the money to authorities, she must recognize gross income on the funds. If she is required under state law to search for the owner or return the funds, she does not recognize the income. If she ignores the law, she must include the amount in gross income because she has taken an undisputed claim on the income. When does she recognize the income? When she bought the dresser (last year) or when she found the money (this year)? In a Sixth Circuit case the taxpayer bought a piano for $15 at an auction and seven years later discovered $4,467 hidden inside. The Court held that the money was reduced to undisputed possession in the year of discovery and not in the year the taxpayer bought the piano at an auction (Ermenegildo Cesarini v. U. S. , (1970, CA6)428 F2d 812). Jim recently Joined the Austin Barter Club, an organization that tacili tates the exchange of services between its members. This year Jim provided lawn-mowing services to other club members. Jim received the following from the barter club. Determine the amount, if any Jim should include in his gross income in each of the following situations: a. Jim received $275 of car repair services from another member of the club. b. Jim received a $150 credit that gave him the option of receiving a season pass at a local ski resort from another member of the club. However, he forgot to request the pass by the end of the ski season and his credit expired. c. Jim received a $450 credit that can only be applied for goods or services from club members next year. . In an exchange of services, income has been received in the amount of the value of services received (gross income includes the receipt of services as well as money and goods). Hence, Jim is taxed on the $275 of car repair services. b. The issue is whether the credit represents a valuable right. Because the right could be redeemed for property worth $150, then under constructive receipt Jim should recognize income of $150. c. If a barter credit can only be redeemed for future services, then the taxpayer could argue that no ealization has yet occurred. But, it would be included in his gross income next year when the credit becomes a valuable right. 53. Clyde is a cash method taxpayer who reports on a calendar-year basis. This year Paylate Corporation has decided to pay Clyde a year-end bonus of $1 ,OOO. Determine the amount Clyde should include in his gross income this year under the following circumstances: a. Paylate Corporation wrote the check and put it in his office mail slot on December 30 of this year, but Clyde did not bother to stop by the office to pick it up until after year-end. b. Paylate Corporation mistakenly wrote the check for $100. Clyde received the remaining $900 after year-end. c. Paylate Corporation mailed the check to Clyde before the end of the year, (and it was delivered before year end). Although Clyde expected the bonus payment, he decided not to collect his mail until after year-end. d. Clyde picked up the check in December, but the check could not be cashed immediately because it was postdated January 10. a. Clyde is taxed on the $1,000 under the constructive receipt doctrine. b. Clyde is taxed on the $100 the remaining $900 is taxed in the next year. c. Clyde is taxed on $1,000 unless the mail was not delivered until after year-end. Clyde would need to check his mail on December 31 or he would have the burden of proving he didnt receive the check before year-end if the IRS alleges that the check was delivered before year-end. d. Clyde is not taxed until next year because the postdated check is a substantial restriction. 55. Cammie received 100 NQOs (each option provides a right to purchase 10 shares of MNL stock for $10 per share) at the time she started working for MNL Corporation four years ago when MNLs stock price was $8 per share. Now that MNLs stock price is $40 per share, she intends to exercise all of her options.

The Storm Essays (789 words) - Rooms, Basement, Building Engineering

The Storm Analysis of ?The Storm? In McKnight Malmar's frightening story ?The Storm? she weaves a violent storm and murder together to heighten the horrific fear that engulfs Janet Willsom. The storm is a combination of mother nature, Janet's emotions and her heartbreaking dilemmas. The story begins with Janet Willsom coming home from a vacation seeing her sister who is very ill. She has come back a week early hoping her husband, Ben, would be home so she could surprise him but he's not. There is a very strong storm unfolding outside and Janet gets concerned with Ben's whereabouts. She wonders if he is still in the city working late. There is a letter addressed to Ben on the table but she destroys it because she knows that this letter is probably no different from the others that have been sent to him in the past. Throughout this suspenseful tale she is lonely in the isolated home far away from the busy urban city. As the storm got worse, she started to hear footsteps and she thought she saw a face at the window in the living room. Was this ghostly face in the window her husband? Realizing that maybe it was her imagination, she went to the basement to get wood to make a fire. The basement was damp and dark and there was a chill in the air because the basement door was wide open. Janet wondered if the wind was so strong that it blew it open or if there was an intruder. She grabbed the doorknob and closed it as hard as she could because the wind was so strong. The fire wood was in the corner so she walked towards it. All of a sudden she noticed that her old trunk was opened just a crack, she walked to over to it and threw it open. Lying in there was a body of a woman in a red dress with a man's diamond ring on her finger. In terror Janet ran up the basement stairs, locked the door and reinforced it with a heavy wooden chair. Simutainously she heard glass shattering from the cellar window and ran into the living room to calm her fears. Soon after, Janet's husband Ben walked in the front door soaking wet, dirty and pale. She started to tell her husband the events that had happened that night. He found it hard to believe that there was a prowler lurking around outside and that there was a dead body in the trunk. Janet took him to the basement, they looked in the trunk but there was nothing in it. She wondered if she was seeing things until she saw the same diamond ring on her husband's finger that had been on the woman's finger. She realizes that her husband killed the woman. With all of the fear and strength in her body she runs up the basement stairs, ignoring Ben screaming her name she runs out of the house and never looks back. The story gave me a feeling that I was there out of sight from her but watching her every move. It was also from a very suspenseful third-person point of view. Throughout the story she thinks about all the good qualities her husband has and at the same time is missing him. The letters that are addressed to him says New York City on the envelope; he is always angry about those letters but Janet never sees the contents of those letters. My theory is that these letters are from his mistress; she was blackmailing him to leave his wife. There was a lot of emphasis on the storm itself , She starts to become apprehensive about the storm because of its increasing power ?The wind hammered at the door and the windows, and the air was full of the sound of water, racing in the gutters, pouring from the leaders, thudding on the roof.? (244) I feel that there is a storm outside but there also a storm going on from within Janet because she has doubt about her husband's fidelity. As for the ghostly face in the window and the dead woman in the trunk; her husband killed his mistress, heard his wife walking in

Social Justice The Catholics Social Teachings on Justice

Social Justice The Catholics Social Teachings on Justice Introduction According to Our Ladys Parish (2012), God, who is regarded as the father of humankind, is just; therefore, the same is expected from His creation. Life is God-given and sacred. In this case, all human beings should strive to avoid activities that bring suffering and oppression to God’s creation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Justice: The Catholic’s Social Teachings on Justice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Imprisonment is a form of oppression when it is not implemented in a right way to correct individuals. To some extent, imprisonment brings sadness and humiliation. It should be the last alternative after other ways of solving a certain crime have failed. The Catholic Church is concerned with social injustices and has contributed a lot towards curbing crime through alternative ways other than imprisonment. The church also seeks to instill value in the prisoners’ lives thr ough teachings and practices that accept prisoners as people who deserve to be treated with dignity (Windley-Daoust, 2007). The Catholic’s social teachings on justice Courts of law should exercise justice Suspects should be given a chance to prove their innocence. It is sad for people to spend their lives in prison for crimes they did not commit. Judges should be fair in sentencing people by proving them guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. More often than not, people in Australia find themselves in prisons, not for being convicted, but due to delayed trials. This is sad and unfair. The Catholic Church views this as injustice because the prison becomes a place for distress and misery other than rehabilitation. Such situations will only lead to increased criminal activities because those with morals may end up being corrupted through associating with criminals (Clayton, 2004). The church advocate for fast trials so that if convicted a person does not spend an unnecessary long per iod in jail. It also suggests that trivial matters be addressed through other means such as juvenile centers for the underage law breakers and rehabilitation centers for the adults (MacBrien, 1994).Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A jail should be a place for restoration of self-worth to prisoners While serving their terms, prisoners should be engaged in activities that will help them become useful once they are freed. However, it is critical for the prisoners to be taught about God’s perception of sin and what is expected of them as Christians. The church suggests that every punishment administered to a wrong doer must have a rehabilitative purpose. This can be done through offering trainings and skills that will prove useful and give them a starting point once their terms are over. These skills and technology restore the prisoners self-worth because they ar e able to contribute to the economy (McBrien, 1994). Issues that lead to criminal activities should be addressed Some crimes are committed out of sheer carelessness or even brief associations with wrong doers, and we can call them temptations. Nevertheless, these temptations see people spend years in prisons, yet if given a chance; they could be corrected through mere dialogues. In this case, the church has solved by addressing issues that lead to criminal activities like drug abuse that leads to mental instability this is solved by campaigns against drug use. The church has advocated for equal distribution of employment opportunities to help eradicate poverty which increases crime. Some solutions to criminal activities that the church suggests are like engaging people in prolonged learning activities. Also, it includes the provision of institutions for mental services and community based projects, as well as economic support to marginalized communities (Our Ladys Parish, 2012). Ano ther major cause of crime is the negative influence. In this case, the church offers guidance to offenders and educates them on which aspect to look for in friends and associates.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Justice: The Catholic’s Social Teachings on Justice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This helps them not to fall back to their old habits that caused them trouble. Instead, the offenders choose and develop relationships with people who add value to their lives and improve their self-worth. Forgiveness should be practiced and extended to wrong doers as well Christians often fall into temptations and break the commandments and ask for forgiveness from God. Therefore, in order to be forgiven, Christians must also forgive. According to the Catholic faith, all humans are equal before Gods eyes. This is evident during creation as all people were created in Gods own image, and salvation to the world w as provided for all people. Christians should have mercy and love to others since all people belong to the same God. This is a practice that shows that they care about the social well-being of other individuals in the society. The Catholic Church encourages people to opt for forgiving one another, and thus cases of people suing their fellow humankind and exposing them to prison life will be less. Turning around the situation and addressing the main reason as to why people commit certain crimes and assisting to solve the problem will improve the situation. This will reduce the number of people suffering in prison as well as improve others’ lives and morals among the societies. Reconciliation brings healing and restores harmony and good social relationships in the society (Massaro, 2000). Prisoners should be involved in Christian faith during and after their sentences Christian values should be practiced by all whether in prison or not. The Catholic Church has done this by the foundation of churches in prison and established rehabilitation institutions for them once they are free.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These institutions offer an opportunity for transition from jail into the community by offering jobs, trainings, and accommodation before they can support themselves or re uniting them with their families and counseling (Weigert Kelley, 2004). Chaplains have spent time with prisoners offering them spiritual guidance and celebrations through sacraments. This makes the prisoners feel loved, be less remorseful, and restores their dignity. The church views the prison as an avenue for campaigning law and order. The church encourages families to support their people in prison through visiting them. This also encourages the prison officers to preserve their dignity and promotes brotherly love amongst them. Most important of all is receiving them back into the community and church once they are through with their sentences (Massaro, 2000). Prisoners should not be perceived as outcasts but treated with compassion When one is imprisoned, this is not an indication that the individual has chos en to be evil. Prisoners are human beings, and deserve understanding and empathy. We all belong to the same father, and this should bring us closer to become brothers and sisters in Christ. Therefore, judging other people whether Christians or not is wrong. Christians should learn the needs of prisoners, their loved ones, and the officers who take care of the prisoners. Learning their needs will help Christians know how to approach them. This will enable Christians to educate the prisoners on Christianity and what do so as to a void getting in prison in the future. If Christians interact with prisoners while helping them, the Christians teach by examples and not theory. Therefore, this is bound to be effective, as opposed to just preaching to the prisoners (Massaro, 2000). The church urges the society to show such compassion through visiting them in prison and helping them start a fresh on leaving jail. Christians should preach peace to improve law and order The rest of the world is complaining about the deterioration of morals and increasing rate of crime. On the other hand, Christians are expected to stand by their values and teach obedience to the state law despite the political environment and economic conditions experienced. The difference between the human persons goodness and a Christian is the dignity whose foundation is Christ. This means that the church’s social mission is connected with the gospel (Whitmore, 2005). A Christian is expected to be just in order to preach the gospel about justice. Therefore, they should lead by examples by first being law abiding citizens before extending these values to the rest of society. When Christians identify themselves with prisoners, they see Christ through the prisoners and this contributes to obedience because they are likely to practice these values after their sentences. The church has given Christians the liberty to participate in political and economic activities that aim at improving peoples lives . In turn, this encourages the government to listen to religious views on social justice and give citizens freedom of religion. It results to states that are united and have one goal towards common good and opposing injustice (Pennock, 2007). The church and formulation of some policies in the government Some of the reasons why crime has increased are due to the economic situations and political activities that oppress people. The church looks into issues like the right to job access to people through just employment and wages, freedom to religion, and issues like democracy in politics. In addition, the church focuses on establishing equity among the various socio-economic classes of people in the society. The church also fights for respect to views founded by religion and influenced by the church. Through this, Christians have been able to identify their social responsibility and influence to the state in maintaining social justice. This has enabled them to participate in fighting s ocial injustices such as corruption and racism as well as promote human rights. If Christian love binds the nations, then selfish activities evident in hunger for power and exaggerated profits will be minimize. Also, the poor will get a share if resources are distributed equally, and thus temptations to crime will also be minimal. The church differs with the states opinion of making jails brutal and unbearable as a strategy that deprives prisoners of their dignity (De Berri Hug, 2003). Conclusion Social justice is not a responsibility of the state judiciaries, but the whole society. If all people exercised social responsibility and stood together as the body of Christ, the level of criminal activities would be low. This would lead to a better society that pleases Christ. It helps improve the social well-being because the state is dependent on the society which includes the Christians. According to the church, getting tough on the crime is not the solution. Creating a long term alte rnative to imprisonment is usually encouraged. In addition, church suggestions can only be done through concentrating on the causes and prevention of crime. Punishment only results into increased violence and impunity. Reference List Clayton, M. (2004). Social Justice. Malden, Mass. u. a.: Blackwell. De Berri, E Hug, J. (2003). Our best kept secret and an evolving social message. In Catholic social teaching: Our best kept secret. Maryknoll: Orbis Books Washington Center of Concern. Pp. 3-11. MacBrien, R.P. (1994). Catholicism. New York: Harper SanFrancisco. Massaro, T. (2000). Nine key themes in Catholic social teaching in Living justice: Catholic social teaching in action Living justice: Catholic social teaching in action. Oxford: Sheed Ward. pp.113-167. Massaro, T. (2012). Living justice: Catholic social teaching in action. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. McBrien, R. (1994). The ongoing development of Catholic social doctrine. In Catholicism. San Francisco: Harper S an Francisco. pp. 912-916. Our Ladys Parish (2012). Social Justice Statement 2011-2012. Web. Pennock, M. (2007). Catholic social teaching: Learning living justice. Notre Dame, Ind: Ave Maria Press. Weigert, K. M., Kelley, A. K. (2004). Living the Catholic social tradition: Cases and commentary. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Whitmore, T.D. (2005). Catholic social teaching: Starting with the common good. In K.M. Windley-Daoust, J. (2007). Primary source readings in Catholic social justice. Winona, MN: Saint Marys Press.

Find a sidedraft carburetor with labelled with it's part list for a Assignment

Find a sidedraft carburetor with labelled with it's part list for a car ,, and find 3 positive & 3 negative aspects of the down draft carburetor - Assignment Example The fundamental issue with acquiring the best execution utilizing a carburetor is that it cannot screen the air to fuel proportion for every individual barrel. In the event that there was a carburetor for every barrel, this would not be an issue. So with a carburetor, the best fuel to air proportion for every chamber is approximated for the best execution (Leffingwell, 2012). Nevertheless, carburetors do last more than fuel infusion systems and are supported in engine sports. Carburetors are additionally much less complex to introduce than fuel infusion systems, because there are no electrical segments or return lines to the fuel tank. The carburetor is presently substantially less costly than the electronic fuel infusion systems. Negatively, at a low speed, the mixture supplied by a side-draft Carburetor is weak to the point that it wont light appropriately and for its advancement, at such conditions some course of action in the carburetor is obliged to be made. The working of side-draft carburetor is influenced by changes of barometrical weight (Gunnell, 2011). Carburetors utilized as a part of the airship are to be given height control as the rich mixture is unnecessarily accessible, because of less thickness of the air. In addition, the working of side-draft carburetor is influenced by changes of environmental temperature. In the event that the setting is carried out in winter season, it will be found to give excessively rich mixture in the late spring. This happens because of less thickness of air with the ascent of temperature to a grater degree than the thickness of fuel (Gunnell, 2007). It gives the best possible mixture at stand out motor speed and burden, in this way, suitable just for motors running at steady speed build or diminishing ,the amount of fuel issuing out will change and not match the speed of air moving through the venturi

Disprove the argument provided below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disprove the argument provided below - Essay Example In the case of a freshly made solid bee-wax, the wax has scent of a flower but the tongue perceives it as honey. This means that the perception of the senses in justification of knowledge lack coherence and consistency. When touched, it further reveals hard substances that do not have any taste of honey as perceived by the smell. The eye sees the bee wax to be cubical. Introspection thus helps in relating the perception of senses with the already known facts to justify knowledge. In premise 3, SBW melts from the heat in fire and changes to MBW. The physical properties change entirely from perceptions in proposition 2. We are sure that we cannot be aware and ascertain any belief. The two cases present skepticism because the same bee wax cannot portray same characteristics in two different states. It is not, therefore, easy to prove any assertion in the two cases of SBW and MBW that there exists the knowledge through the senses. Senses perceive solid Bee wax, both SBW and MBW as two different things yet from the general knowledge, it is the same thing. Consequently, it is important to consider using other methods of determining knowledge besides the

Experiential Knowledge versus Intellectual Knowledge Essay Example for Free

Experiential Knowledge versus Intellectual Knowledge Essay The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has for a long time stirred the issue on the tug between experiential knowledge (the sort of knowledge that is gained in the â€Å"streets† and practiced mostly by Huck) and intellectual knowledge (the kind of knowledge being taught in schools and by people like Widow Douglas and Miss Watson). The issue can most of the time be phrased as that between being logical and following the practical consequences of one’s logic as opposed to following the dictates of society. This is a theme that was developed early on in the book and extends up to the end. Huck, for example, defies society and chooses his own logic in Chapter 1 when he told Widow Douglas that he would prefer to go to hell since this would mean a change of scenery and being with Tom. It is known for a fact that â€Å"heaven† should be the de facto choice of destination for everyone. To choose to go to hell, with our without reasons for wanting to do so, plainly means going against what is conventional. Time and again, Huck has dealt with the part of his conscience that told him that keeping and cuddling Jim, a â€Å"property† of Miss Watson versus his natural sympathy for the man (Bennett 3). These and many other instances in Huckleberry Finn illustrate the clash between the obviously wrong societal teaching that racism and slavery is good and having sympathy and compassion for the slaves as bad versus the instinctive knowledge that sympathy and compassion towards a slave is worthwhile. In this paper, this clash between experiential knowledge, i. e. , knowledge gained by oneself through the exercise of personal logical induction and deduction gathered through experience, and intellectual knowledge, i. e. , knowledge gained through different societal instruments, shall be dealt with. More specifically, this paper shall address the issue of which of these two â€Å"knowledges† has more importance. Being an issue that is of no light matter, this paper would need to look beyond Huckleberry Finn for aid. As such, Philosophy, Ethics, and Education seem to be the most promising areas of knowledge that address the issue. Hence, this paper shall look in these directions to settle the issue. Specifically, this paper shall have the following parts: on wisdom and knowledge as personal or societal; morality as inauthentic or authentic; and educations as geared towards making the person â€Å"fully† come out versus education as socialization. The paper shall end with a conclusion. Wisdom as Personal or Societal Philosophy has dealt with the question on the source of wisdom a number of times and through different thinkers. Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle are known to deal extensively about this issue, and as such, their philosophies shall be utilized. Since Aquinas is known for extensively working on Aristotle’s works, merging the works of these two thinkers shall not pose any problems. Before anything, it would be best to first give a definition of wisdom. At least in the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition, wisdom is a kind of knowledge that is â€Å"of paramount importance in directing human existence towards its purpose or end† (Artigas 17). It is that kind of knowledge that aids man to be a better human being, not only by providing particular knowledge, but most specially a universal knowledge that speaks of the human being’s nature, purpose and end. In the end, wisdom ought to lead to the human being’s happiness, happiness defined as a life that is flourishing. All these ideas seem to be abstract, so it would be best to concretize a bit. At least for Aristotle, living a life that is full of human flourishing means living a virtuous life in a community that allows for the continuous development of the individual. According to the Aristotelian philosopher Martha Nussbaum, this refers to a life wherein virtues, human relations, reason and other physical capabilities are allowed to flourish by the society (Nussbaum 76-78). More concretely, this means experiencing real friendship, practicing justice, exercising prudence and a host of many other virtues that Aristotle spoke of in the Nicomachean Ethics in a society that value and nurture these. It is allowing a person to have meaningful relations, to engage in activities that nourish one’s â€Å"senses, imagination, and thought,† to have bodily health, to engage in play, to have autonomous control over one’s environment and so on (Nussbaum 76-78). So far, it seems that wisdom ought to be acquired for the benefit of the individual that would most probably emanate into the good of society. That is well and good, nevertheless, we still have not answered the question as to how wisdom itself is acquired. In this respect, Aquinas has an answer. Thomas Aquinas is known for the Natural Law Theory. The theory states that â€Å"man is born with the natural facility to know the basic truths or principles or the moral order as ‘the good is to be done and promoted and the evil to be avoided’† (Panizo 56). In this respect wisdom, i. e. , knowledge about what is good and what is to be avoided that ought to lead to happiness and human flourishing, is not only something that man is capable of; in fact, man is born with this natural facility. Human beings are born with the disposition to want what is good and to avoid what is evil. Thinking about it, this medieval theory seems to make a lot of sense. Is it not true that no human being ever does something which for her/him is plainly without good or any sort of benefit? Even actions that may be considered as evil by many still have some sort of perverted â€Å"goodness† in it. Actions such as murder, drug trafficking, etcetera, still give â€Å"pleasure† to those who engage in them. But, does this mean that these actions are morally good? Aquinas would not agree. He would say that though nature has granted man the capacity to know what is good and evil and to want good over evil, still, error may happen. Error occurs once the basic principle, â€Å"good is to be done and sought after, evil is to be avoided† (Aquinas 197) is applied. In fact, there is a hierarchy of difficulty when it comes to the application of this basic principle, the most difficult application of it called â€Å"remote conclusions† are described as â€Å"not easily drawn by ordinary people, for they involve education in theology and philosophy, and deep reflection† (Panizo 59). These involve judgments on issues like euthanasia, divorce, abortion, etcetera. We have reached a point then when natural wisdom, i. e. , wisdom depending on reason alone, becomes insufficient. Life is so full of instances when â€Å"remote conclusions† are needed and called for. The sad thing is, this knowledge is hard to come by and a human being is left with no option but to listen to the dialogues of the people in the academe. For Aquinas and Aristotle, experiential knowledge is not enough. It could only get us so far. This then brings us to the discussion of the place of â€Å"intellectual knowledge† in Philosophy. According to Aristotle, human beings need a role model to live a flourishing life. An excellent person is considered the standard for most of us who are still aiming for human flourishing, for a life of virtue. An excellent person is defined as he/she whose wishes â€Å"will be what is wished in reality† (Aristotle 65), i. e. , the wishes of the excellent person is that which is truly good for the human being. An excellent person is the exact opposite of the base person to whom â€Å"pleasure would seem to cause deception since it appears good when it is not† (Aristotle 65). Thus, modeling is Aristotle’s system of knowing what is worth imitating and what is not. To add to this, it must be recalled that for Aristotle (as with the other Greek thinkers), education has an indispensable role in bringing an individual to perfection. This is the very reason why the Academy and the Lyceum were established. In these schools, individuals from different cities merge to further their knowledge, to share each other’s knowledge and in this sense socializing each other. Hence, at least in Aristotle and Aquinas’ philosophy, though natural wisdom or experiential knowledge may be the starting point, this is not enough. Intellectual knowledge is still necessary since remote conclusions are always called for to ultimately be happy and live a flourishing life. Authentic and Inauthentic Morality Beyond the epistemology of Aristotle and Aquinas is the perspective that morality or ethics may be inauthentic or authentic. This is the very idea of Michael Moga in the book, Toward Authentic Morality. According to Moga, one’s sense of right and wrong can either be wholly dependent on one’s culture (i. e. , inauthentic morality) or it could come from one’s personal choice (i. e. , authentic morality). This is the very same clash between the self and the society that we have been talking about. According to Moga, most people ascribe to inauthentic morality. This is the sort of morality that gives in to social pressure, that kind of pressure that forces us to act and think in a particular way without exactly knowing why such an action or thought should be considered moral. We would not have to go very far to understand inauthentic morality. Most adolescents and teenagers are susceptible to peer pressure when it comes to many facets of their lives. The very persistence of racism and discrimination speak of a poorly reasoned morality that rest on social acceptance. In fact, Moga sets out the characteristics of inauthentic morality. The following are the characteristics of this type of morality. Inauthentic morality is characterized by being based on certain rules and values affirmed by culture; it is universal in its application, i. e. , it is valid for everyone; they impact individuals as set of morality that is external, i. e. , the source of morality is something outside the self; these laws are anonymous; the individual is haunted by fear and shame; the moral obligation is something that comes from authority; and it is fluctuating in influence (Moga 35-39). This is the sort of morality experienced by the typical teenager who follows his/her group’s choices. Such an individual follows rules not her own, a set of rules she may find difficult to follow since it is something external, nevertheless the breaking of such group rules result to fear and shame. This teenager considers the lead of the group as the one vested with authority to enforce such rules. Though this morality is most stark among teenagers, adults may very well be living this sort of morality. We would only have to look around shopping malls to see how many adults go with the flow without thinking why. Supposedly at the other extreme is authentic morality. This morality results from one’s personal decision to accept a set of values and morals after necessary reflection. Again, this sort of morality has characteristics: it is personally chosen and accepted; it is based on a rational appreciation; it is not based on fear or shame; morality as an expression of one’s freedom; and it is based on what one personally cares for, i. e. the very principles that one values (Moga 39-41). This is the sort of morality of individuals who have taken enough time to think over his/her morals. This would be represented by an individual who does an action and could very likely explain and be personally involved in the very principle of one’s actions. This would be the individual whose sense of morality is not dependent on â€Å"what others will say† but rather on a clear set of personally chosen moral principles. Though individuals must all aim for authentic morality, Moga insists that both moralities are important. In the first place, all human beings undergo the inauthentic morality stage where parents become the sole authority from whom morality emanate. Nevertheless, we should not stay this way. After being exposed to different sets of moralities, it is the individual’s responsibility to think and chose which of these moralities shall be made personal. Thus, at least in the Ethical perspective, the social and the personal ought to go together, though in the end, the social should be for the personal. Conclusion We have seen that at least in Philosophy and Ethics, there really is no real clash between the personal and the social, between intellectual knowledge and experiential knowledge. Clashes happen in Philosophy when error exists in the mind and nothing is done to correct the error. This error may of course exist not only with individuals but also in groups such as those in the academe. Nevertheless, we have clearly stated above that intellectual knowledge is there not to ram down society on the throats of individuals but rather to further perfect experiential knowledge for the sake of human flourishing. The same may be said in the field of ethics. Both authentic and inauthentic moralities are there and both have uses in society. Nevertheless, in the end, inauthentic morality ought to be the material source of inputs for the eventual authentic morality of a person. Morality only becomes stagnant when there is no interaction between the inauthentic and authentic. To answer the question which of the two knowledges is more important, we could qualifiedly say that both are important as long as there is minimal error and that the ultimate purpose is human flourishing.

George Orwell Essay -- History Biography Biographies Essays

George Orwell Eric Arthur Blair was born in 1903 at Motihari in British-occupied India. While growing up, he attended private schools in Sussex, Wellington and Eaton. He worked at the Imperial Indian Police until 1927 when he went to London to study the poverty stricken. He then moved to Paris where he wrote two lost novels. After he moved back to England he wrote Down and Out in Paris and London, Burmese Days, A Clergyman’s Daughter and Keep the Apidistra Flying. He published all four under the pseudonym George Orwell. He then married Eileen O’Shaughnessy and wrote The Road to Wigan Pier. Orwell then joined the Army and fought in the Spanish Civil War. He became a socialist revolutionary and wrote Homage to Catalina, Coming Up for Air, and in 1943, he wrote Animal Farm. It’s success ended Orwell’s financial troubles forever. In 1947 and 48 despite Tuberculosis, he wrote Nineteen Eighty-Four. He died in 1950 (Williams 7-15). This essay will show and prove to you that George Orwell’s life has influenced modern society a great deal. Biography In 1903, Eric Arthur Blair was born. Living in India until he was four, Blair and his family then moved to England and settled at Henley. At the age of eight, Blair was sent to a private school in Sussex, and he lived there, except on holidays, until he was thirteen. He went to two private secondary schools: Wellington(for one term) and Eaton (for four and a half years). After Eaton, Blair joined the Imperial Indian Police and was trained in Burma. He served there for nearly five years and then in 1927, while home on a leave, decided not to return. He later wrote that he had come to understand and reject the imperialism he was serving. He was stuck...between hatred of the empire and rage against the native people who opposed it, and made his immediate job more difficult. Blair, on his first six months of release, traveled to the East End to research the English poor. In Spring of 1928, he took a room in a working-class district of Paris. He wrote two novels, which have been lost, as well as publishing a number of articles in French and English, and later became ill with pneumonia. He then worked ten weeks as a dishwasher and kitchen porter, and later returned to England at the end of 1929. He used his parents’ home in Suffolk for writing and earned money from occasional articles and teaching. Bl... ...o is never swept away by his imagination.† Of Nineteen Eighty-Four, Fredric Warburg comments, â€Å"This is amongst the most terrifying books I have ever read†. â€Å"Mr. Orwell’s latest book, Nineteen Eighty-Four, can be approached either as a political argument or as an indictment of materialism cast in fictional form,† writes Harold Nicolson. â€Å"Mr. Orwell is in every way similar to Huxley, especially in his contempt for people, in his aim of slandering man,† reports Isaac Anisimov for the Pravda. CONCLUSION As you can see, George Orwell is one of the most beloved and respected authors in history. His works speak out against money, hypocrisy, poverty and injustice. His style has influenced many modern authors and will, most definitely, influence many more authors to come. WORKS CITED Calder, Jenni. Animal Farm & Nineteen Eighty-Four. Philadelphia:Milton Keynes, 1986. Meyers, Jeffery. George Orwell: The Critical Hertige. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975. Orwell, George. Animal Farm. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1982 Williams, Raymond. Orwell. London: Raymond Williams, 1991 Wykes, David. A Preface to Orwell. New York: Longman, Inc., 1987. George Orwell Essay -- History Biography Biographies Essays George Orwell Eric Arthur Blair was born in 1903 at Motihari in British-occupied India. While growing up, he attended private schools in Sussex, Wellington and Eaton. He worked at the Imperial Indian Police until 1927 when he went to London to study the poverty stricken. He then moved to Paris where he wrote two lost novels. After he moved back to England he wrote Down and Out in Paris and London, Burmese Days, A Clergyman’s Daughter and Keep the Apidistra Flying. He published all four under the pseudonym George Orwell. He then married Eileen O’Shaughnessy and wrote The Road to Wigan Pier. Orwell then joined the Army and fought in the Spanish Civil War. He became a socialist revolutionary and wrote Homage to Catalina, Coming Up for Air, and in 1943, he wrote Animal Farm. It’s success ended Orwell’s financial troubles forever. In 1947 and 48 despite Tuberculosis, he wrote Nineteen Eighty-Four. He died in 1950 (Williams 7-15). This essay will show and prove to you that George Orwell’s life has influenced modern society a great deal. Biography In 1903, Eric Arthur Blair was born. Living in India until he was four, Blair and his family then moved to England and settled at Henley. At the age of eight, Blair was sent to a private school in Sussex, and he lived there, except on holidays, until he was thirteen. He went to two private secondary schools: Wellington(for one term) and Eaton (for four and a half years). After Eaton, Blair joined the Imperial Indian Police and was trained in Burma. He served there for nearly five years and then in 1927, while home on a leave, decided not to return. He later wrote that he had come to understand and reject the imperialism he was serving. He was stuck...between hatred of the empire and rage against the native people who opposed it, and made his immediate job more difficult. Blair, on his first six months of release, traveled to the East End to research the English poor. In Spring of 1928, he took a room in a working-class district of Paris. He wrote two novels, which have been lost, as well as publishing a number of articles in French and English, and later became ill with pneumonia. He then worked ten weeks as a dishwasher and kitchen porter, and later returned to England at the end of 1929. He used his parents’ home in Suffolk for writing and earned money from occasional articles and teaching. Bl... ...o is never swept away by his imagination.† Of Nineteen Eighty-Four, Fredric Warburg comments, â€Å"This is amongst the most terrifying books I have ever read†. â€Å"Mr. Orwell’s latest book, Nineteen Eighty-Four, can be approached either as a political argument or as an indictment of materialism cast in fictional form,† writes Harold Nicolson. â€Å"Mr. Orwell is in every way similar to Huxley, especially in his contempt for people, in his aim of slandering man,† reports Isaac Anisimov for the Pravda. CONCLUSION As you can see, George Orwell is one of the most beloved and respected authors in history. His works speak out against money, hypocrisy, poverty and injustice. His style has influenced many modern authors and will, most definitely, influence many more authors to come. WORKS CITED Calder, Jenni. Animal Farm & Nineteen Eighty-Four. Philadelphia:Milton Keynes, 1986. Meyers, Jeffery. George Orwell: The Critical Hertige. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975. Orwell, George. Animal Farm. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1982 Williams, Raymond. Orwell. London: Raymond Williams, 1991 Wykes, David. A Preface to Orwell. New York: Longman, Inc., 1987.

Maya Angelou `The Graduation` Essay

P1- Summarize the essay and identify the author and title; Maya Angelou is the walking encyclopedia. She has astounding achievements to her credit. She is a great social thinker; her contribution in all the wings of literature is extraordinary! Welfare of women is very dear to her heart and therefore she is known as the Renaissance woman. Her inner world is very strong; when she speaks she mesmerizes the audience with the facts and figures and her oratorical skills. She has clearly crossed the mind barrier, she radiates peace, demolishes the structure of race-prejudice. The pages of human history daubed in bloodshed and coated with racial and ethnic prejudices, ask the crying question. How to make this Planet Earth heaven- like? The answer is simple and direct. Eyes full of understanding, heart full of love and the life that refuses conflicts-these alone are enough!—ask Maya Angelou—she is the living example of all these ideals and seen the practical application of them. She is born on April 4, 1928, St. Louis, Missouri. She is the second poet in U. S. History to be given the honor of writing and reciting original work at the Presidential Inauguration in January 1993. She has written autobiographies, personal essays, children books, poetry, plays, screenplays, acting in films and plays, radio broadcasting, recordings, spoken word albums, article contribution to many important magazines and newspapers,   a linguist with fluency in seven   languages, honorary degrees of   many universities/colleges, and what not! She has lived through the crucial period of the American history when bitter race prejudices prevailed. â€Å"The Graduation,† essay shows the path of her growth during the trying time in her life. The white power structure in the South treated the black badly, rather inhumanly. The black people suffered blows to every part of their psyche, everyday in every walk of life. How local politicians used the non-political event like Graduation Ceremony to promote their own self-interests is highlighted in the essay. P2- Explain the primary aim that you see in this essay. What is the author’s main purpose? What is he or she trying to accomplish in writing this essay? The primary aim of the essay is recollection of her past, as a women belonging to the Negro race. Her writing, apart from the literary merits, seems to be simple and sweet, but behind that simplicity runs an undercurrent of steel-will, that sets a program and sees it through. Her toughened smile indicates the harsh realities she had experienced in her life. The greatest beauty of her writing is that she is free from malice. She advises you to live life in its hard trials, tribulations, duty and beauty. She makes her points by giving due weight to the pair of opposites and the need to understand and transcend them. Spirituality and love for humanity radiates throughout the essay. She says, without actually saying it verbatim, that unless the thought process of the Whites change, their action process will never change and the black race will continue to suffer. Only when the thoughts are changed, the mind is changed; when the mind is changed, the man is changed; when the man is changed, the society is changed. The laws are there, the constitutional rights are there for the black race, but their actual implementation being biased, the ground realities are not as they should be! P3- Explain the primary mode you see in this essay? What is the method of organization (mode) used by the author? It is an autobiographical essay. This essay is the product of her experiences in the College of Self-education (real-life situations) where her mind was her Principal. Her initiatives, her Professors! Her hard work her Tutors! She was an individual who would decide on a project; she would start, and she would finish! She is one of the rare souls whom God deputes on Planet Earth, to transform a weak, subjugated race into a powerful body of responsible citizens. Essays like Graduation are not the products of intellect alone; they arrive straight from the heart. One’s experience is precious and any author can not avoid the deep impact and influence of one’s own experiences in life. Maya Angelou is not exception to this rule. â€Å"She applies three rhetorical strategies-an expressive voice, illustrative comparison and contrast, and flowing sentences bursting with vivid simile and delightful imagery to examine the personal growth of humans caught in the adversity of racial discrimination.†(Maya†¦..) The Graduation Day was the historic event in the life of small black community-they were anticipating a great recognition, the second-birth in their life. She describes that emotion, how they were trembling within, happy with the sense of anticipation of something very big that would happen soon engulf their lives, their innocence and tension, the uncertainty within the certainty etc. She did not write the essay with her pen but by her heart. It has the graceful movements of the traditional classical dance. The language is colorful like the feathers of a peacock. The moods and emotions change from paragraph to paragraph, sometimes from sentence to sentence. She creates hopes, soars high like an ace pilot and then dashes to the ground. When you are readying to laugh, you realize that your eyes are moist. You wonder how a human being can be that cruel to a fellow human being. The Graduation was a community event for the blacks. A life-time achievement award! But silent internal mourning was in store for them. With that grim experience, they all became cynical. During the Graduation ceremony a white boy, is afforded an opportunity to speak, in preference to a blacks. Maya muses, â€Å"The white kids were going to have a chance to become Galileo’s and Madame Curie’s and Edison’s and Gauguin’s, and our boys (the girls weren’t even in on it) would try to be Jesse Owensen’s and Joe Louise’s† (pg.6). But she regains her hope when her classmate Henry Reed sings the Negro National Anthem. Now Maya thinks, â€Å"We were on top again. As always, again! We survived. (pg.8). She compares the hard times of the present with the harder times of the past. The hallmark of the essay is the power of the language. It is extraordinary     like a brilliant painting in motion. Here are some of the examples:   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The children were excited and ran around in the dark. †¦ having neither lawn nor hedges, not tennis court, nor climbing ivy. Its two buildings (main classrooms, the grade school and home economics) were set on a dirt hill with no fence†¦ Rusty hoops and swaying poles represented the permanent recreational equipment† (Article: 2) â€Å"My class was wearing butter-yellow pique dresses, and momma launched out on mine. She smocked the yoke into tiny crisscrossing puckers, the shirred the rest of the bodice. Her dark fingers ducked in and out of the lemony cloth as she embroidered raised daisies around the hem.†(Article: 2)   Ã¢â‚¬Å"A group of small children were to be presented in a play about buttercups and daisies and bunny rabbits. They could be heard throughout the building practicing their hops and their little songs that sounded like silver bells. The older girls (non-graduates, of course) were assigned the task of making refreshments for the night’s festivities. A tangy scent of ginger, cinnamon, nutmeg, and chocolate wafted around the home economics building†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Article: 2) When the Graduation ceremony ends, they return home, without joy. Like the ones back from a mourning event! P4- Explain the main point of the essay. Was the author successful in accomplishing his/her point? The main point of the essay is to highlight the social conditions that prevailed fifty-five years ago in the South in the field of education between the white and the black students. The fanciful facilities and luxuries the white children enjoyed in their schools– even the level headed Maya Angelou is driven to the wall to make the statement, it â€Å"was awful to be a Negro and have no control over my life.† She is happy that the black children and youth have made a mark in their life now. The black community has succeeded to a great extent in beating back discrimination. Their wings are strong now and they no more have to live the life of the bird in a cage. But, even on getting access to education, the job prospectuses for the black children were limited then. The South trained them in vocational studies, like carpenters, masons, maids, cooks, baby sitters etc. The White participated symbolically in the Graduation ceremonies and lectured on God, Southern way of life etc. She makes the poignant comment that the anticipated Negro National Anthem fails to play and what a disappointment it is for the black students!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ==============   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   References Cited Article-2: Maya Angelou. members.aol.com/sunny2345/angelou.html – 4k – Retrieved on November 27,2007. Article: Maya Angelou. www.mayaangelou.com/ShortBio.html – 5k -Retrieved on November 25, 2007.

The Social Influence Of Minority And Minority Influence

This paper will review the research conducted in social influence, specifically majority and minority influence, why people conform and the factors that make them more likely to conform. Conformity is defined as â€Å"a form of social influence in which a person yields to group pressure in the absence of any explicit order or request from another person to comply, as in the Asch experiment† (Colman, or Dictionary of Psychology, 2009). Conformity encompasses majority and minority influence. Kelman (1958) proposed three types of conformity for influence of a majority; Compliance, internalisation and identification. Compliance refers to an individual changing their public opinion or behaviour even if they privately disagree. Internalisation is the changing of public and private opinions/behaviours. This may be because the other opinion is more valued, which may convince the individual, and lead to acceptance of the other point of view. Identification is when an individual may acc ept influence to develop a closer connection or relationship. It consists a little of both compliance and internalisation as the individual accepts influence as correct (internalisation), however the reason for this is to be accepted / obtain approval (compliance). Asch’s study (1958) is a prime example of majority influence. Asch rationalised that if a direct approach was taken and the situation stimulus wasn’t ambiguous, then there would be little or no conformity. He created a simple task, relativelyShow MoreRelatedPolice Influence on Society822 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Police Influence on Society Police Influence on Society 1 The relationship between police and minority societies has always been a difficult one with many issues. Before the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s African Americans were treated brutally by the police in the United States. African Americans along with other minority groups were often abused by police. 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